Written by Joshua J. The city of Avaris (a Greek name) provided access to the Mediterranean Sea and, overland routes, to the region of Syria-Palestine.The Hyksos (early Hebrews) thus established a rich and brisk trade in goods and people in the larger region. 1700-1550 B.C. Early campaigns by the Egyptian military, up until the time of the New Kingdom, were domestic for the most part, and when Egyptians did travel beyond their borders, it was never far. His mother Ahhotep I Guardian of the throne a few years. Narmer (c. 3150 – 2613 BCE)He came into power after... © 2020 Cleopatra Egypt Tours. Related Content Last modified February 15, 2017. Under Apepi, old papyrus scrolls were copied and carefully stored and many of these are the only extant copies to have survived. to 30 B.C.) The Hyksos are well known from ancient texts, and their expulsion was recorded in later ancient Egyptian historical narratives. When the period of the Middle Kingdom began, Egypt was a strong, unified country. During which time period did the Hyksos conquer Egypt? Still, Thebes and Avaris got along quite well. Hutwaret (better known as Avaris, the Greek name) had access to the Mediterranean Sea and overland routes to the region of Syria-Palestine. The Hyksos, as an invading force, brought advanced bronze weaponry to Egypt at the end of the Middle Kingdom. by The Trustees of the British Museum (Copyright). Ta'O's son Kamose took up the cause, complaining bitterly in an inscription that he was tired of paying "the Asiatics" taxes and having to deal with foreigners to the north and south of him in his own land. Books The point is that the image of these monarchs was far from that of the cruel and ruthless beings with whom later historiography portrayed them. No Egyptian, nor any other culture's, records indicate the Hyksos were slaves in Egypt, and there is absolutely no indication they were Hebrew, only that they spoke and wrote a Semitic language. Top Answer. Their name, Heqau-khasut, translates as 'Rulers of Foreign Lands' (given by the Greeks as Hyksos), suggesting to some scholars that they were kings or nobility driven from their homes by invasion who found refuge in the port city of Avaris and managed to establish a strong power base during the decline of the 13th Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom (2040-1782 BCE). The port town of Avaris, quickly expanding into a small city through commerce, attracted many of the people known to the Egyptians as 'Asiatics,' and as it flourished, their population grew. Egyptian nationalism was at an all-time high throughout most of the period of the New Kingdom, and aside from the new and improved weapons, Egypt's empire could never have risen without the belief that conquest was necessary to protect the people of Egypt from another tragedy which might be even more terrible than the invasion of the Hyksos. The Eye of Ra, a powerful symbol of ancient Egypt with a profound meaning... what were Canopic Jars used for? Early Israelites: Two Peoples, One History, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. The first question is where did these “Hyksos” come from and how they got to Egypt. His mummy was found in Deir el-Bahari and suggests that he was about 35 years old when he died. Hyksos is the name given by the Egyptian historian Manetho ( III e s. (119). The king Amenemhat I (1991-1962 BCE), who founded the 12th Dynasty, was a strong, effective, ruler who, perhaps in an effort to further unify the country, moved the capital from Thebes (in Upper Egypt) to a middle ground between Upper and Lower Egypt near Lisht and named his new city Iti-tawi (also Itj-tawi) which means "Amenemhat is he who takes possession of the Two Lands" (van de Mieroop, 101). "Hyksos." After the fall of the fort, he decided to consolidate the borders of Egypt, reconquering Nubia and … It is possible that this king, who allegedly initiated the conflict between Avaris and Thebes, was so named by later scribes to associate him with danger and darkness. Mark, Joshua J. via Wikipedia, subject to GNU agreement. On the contrary, the Hyksos adapted quite well to the administrative system and structures of Egypt and maintained a very large staff of Egyptian origin. Mark has lived in Greece and Germany and traveled through Egypt. The opening of Egypt to the Near East favored the continuity in the import of raw materials and in artistic production. Trade flourished during the time of the Hyksos. The Thebans were free to trade to the north, and the Hyksos sailed their ships past Thebes to buy and sell to the Nubians in the south. When did the hyksos conquer lower Egypt? of the Hyksos was dated to the reign of a specific king, viz. In addition, they respected the writing system, the artistic models, and the clothing and traditions most characteristic of the Egyptian people. Although the later Egyptian scribes of the New Kingdom (c. 1570-1069 BCE) would demonize the Hyksos as 'invaders' who conquered the land, destroyed temples, and slaughtered without mercy, there is no evidence for any of these claims. Numerous theories have been developed about their origin, most of which insist that they came from the East and that they were heterogeneous groups from the area of Palestine and the eastern lands near the Nile. It is true, however, that they brought with them some cultural and material manifestations of their own, such as Asian musical instruments, jewelry, ceramic forms or improvements in bronze metallurgy. There is nothing in the evidence which suggests that Apepi was either of those things. By signing up, you'll get thousands of step-by-step solutions to your homework questions. The Hyksos established a powerful empire in large parts of ancient Egypt that lasted over 100 years before the pharaoh Kamose, the last king of the Theban Seventeenth Dynasty started a war of … He was apparently identified with the sun, "the great ruler of heaven". Wiki User Answered . Therefore. The Hyksos ruled much of Egypt from 1638 BC to 1530 BC. This account would seem to be something of an exaggeration since the Hyksos still held Lower Egypt in the three years following Kamose's offensive and Avaris still stood as the Hyksos stronghold. License. Second, the invaders came from the east, and are described in no more detailed terms than "men of ignoble birth" (2). He was later identified with Baal. Why did the Hyksos conquer the Egyptians? The Egyptians had no knowledge of it, however, until it was introduced by the Hyksos. Your ultimate guide to keep safe in Egypt, The unification battle to unified upper and lower Egypt, Important ancient Egyptian symbols and its meanings. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. Mark, J. J. A freelance writer and former part-time Professor of Philosophy at Marist College, New York, Joshua J. These Hyksos melted easily into Egyptian society at first; eventually they became very powerful, and finally, in a coup, they came to rule the whole of Northern Egypt, Which king drove the Hyksos out of Egypt? Son of Seqenenre Tao II and younger brother of Kamose, his predecessor on the throne. Egypt Holiday Packages From Uk- Best Egypt Tours From Uk, Famous Landmarks in Egypt you shouldn’t miss, Is travel in Egypt Safe? Instead of complying with the request, Ta'O interpreted it as a challenge to his autonomy and marched on Avaris. What was the natural barrier that protected Egypt in the South? He has taught history, writing, literature, and philosophy at the college level. Answer to: When did the Hyksos invade Egypt? Ancient History Encyclopedia. During his reign, start the temples building and reconstruction projects were started in Thebes and Memphis. Traditionally, the Hyksos are depicted negatively, and considered to be invaders who conquered Lower Egypt by force. They used the technology in conquests to expand the empire. Contrary to the claims of New Kingdom scribes, Manetho, Josephus - and even later historians of the 20th century CE - the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt was not a time of chaos and confusion, and the Hyksos did not conquer the whole of Egypt. The 13th Dynasty, however, was not as strong and made a number of ill-advised decisions which weakened their influence. The payment is encrypted and transmitted securely with an SSL protocol. The meaning of ankh and What Does It Symbolize? This city was then placed under siege by Ahmose for six years until the Hyksos fled again, this time to Syria, but what happened to them after that is not recorded. It is not easy to narrate when and how exactly it happened, but the fact is that at one point, the political weakness of the pharaohs of the thirteenth dynasty to keep unified Egypt led the Hyksos, who had already been progressively settling in different cities of the country, were becoming strong and were gaining power in important enclaves such as Memphis In fact, their rise to power in these cities, around 1675-1650 B.C., is usually taken as the starting point to establish the date of the fall of the 13th Dynasty. Ahmose I not only founded the 18th Dynasty but initiated the period of the New Kingdom of Egypt, the era of the Egyptian empire. He reorganized the administration of the country and gave back to the governors their responsibilities in the provinces. How did the pharaohs of the New Kingdom adopt this technology to the empire's advantage? The Hyksos brought into Egypt the worship of their single ancestral deity named Sut. Beginning with Ahmose, and continuing on throughout the New Kingdom, the pharaohs created and maintained a buffer zone around Egypt which then encouraged them to conquer more lands beyond. Do not hesitage to give us a call. After this, there was a time of peace and prosperity for Egypt. The Ancient History Encyclopedia logo is a registered EU trademark. Set had murdered his brother, the god-king Osiris, and usurped the rule of Egypt. It is a real fortress with walls eight meters thick; after the defeat of the Hyksos, the city was abandoned for some time, to be later recovered by the Ramesses dynasty, already during the New Kingdom. Asian invaders who dominated Egypt about 1730 to 1560 BC Josephus, a historian of the I st century AD, has preserved the passages where Manetho mentions the invasion of the Hyksos. Ahmose I (1550-1525 B.C.). Soon they conquered entire Egypt, which happened due to the weakness of the state, and due to new weapons - horses and chariots. Who is Hathor? Why did Egyptians build pyramids to honor their pharaohs? Wiki User Answered . Top Answer. may have had a certain Semitic component, and everything seems to indicate that their contacts with Egypt had been taking place for centuries before the period to which we refer. There is no telling whether the story is true as given, but according to Manetho, Apepi of the Hyksos sent a message to the Theban king Seqenenra Taa (also known as Ta'O (c. 1580 BCE): "Do away with the hippopotamus pool which is on the east of the city, for they prevent me sleeping day and night." The 13th Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom had neglected to pay attention to their southern border just as they had with Lower Egypt. The limestone quarries in Tura were reopened. By c. 1782 BCE, Egypt had developed as a civilization for over 2,000 years, and the possibility of a people taking their country would have been dismissed as easily as a full-scale invasion of earth by flying saucers from Mars would be by most people today. The Hyksos’ domination was annihilated when Ahmose chased his enemies into Palestine and there knocked down the Hyksos’ fort of Sharuhen. He acceded to the throne at a very young age. The Hyksos were a migratory people who invaded Egypt around 1700 B.C. The arrival of the Hyksos led to the end o… (Image: YakupC/Public domain) Hyksos, the Foreign Kings ‘Hyksos’ is a word made up of two Egyptian words, and it was mistranslated often in the past. [13] According to Ahmose Son of Abana's autobiography, the final stage of the battle against the Hyksos was when the Egyptian army besieged the city of Sharuhen for three years. Local governors of the cities and towns of Lower Egypt made treaties with the Hyksos, enjoyed profitable trade, and even Thebes, consistently depicted as the "last holdout" of Egyptian culture standing alone against the invader, had a cordial and seemingly profitable relationship with them, even though it does seem that Thebes paid tribute to Avaris. ABRAHAM ENTERED Egypt around 1800 BC and subsequently may have conveyed information of military value to the (Semitic) Hyksos, who invaded and conquered Egypt from 1750-1675 BC. Asked by Wiki User. Where did they come from? The first of these mistakes was to move the capital from Iti-tawi back to Thebes in Upper Egypt. For the greater part of Egypt's history, the country was insular even though foreigners regularly came to work in the country, serve as mercenaries, or were taken as slaves for the gold mines. When the Hyksos first arrived, therefore, they would not have posed any great danger to Egyptian security because an actual threat from outside the country was simply unthinkable. His mummy shows he was killed in battle and this, and the events which follow, suggests the Thebans were defeated in this engagement. Their chief gods were Baal and Anat, both of Phoenician/Canaanite/Syrian origin, but they identified Baal with the Egyptian Set. Answer. The Hyksos were said to be well trained and well-armed, and were credited with introducing the horse and chariot to Egypt. Egyptian War Chariotby Unknown (Public Domain). The main source of information on the Hyksos in Egypt comes from the 3rd century BCE Egyptian writer Manetho whose work has been lost but was extensively quoted by later writers, notably Flavius Josephus (37- c. 100 CE). https://www.ancient.eu/Hyksos/. and remained in power until … The Hyksos was believed to be Asiatic people that conquered the east coast of the Nile Delta and founded the Second Intermediate Period of Ancient Egypt and were evicted during the end of the Seventeenth Dynasty. 2010-11-25 20:28:58 2010-11-25 20:28:58. The Hyksos were a Semitic people who migrated to the Nile Delta region and invaded Egypt around the 18th century BC, that is, between 1700 and 1900 BC, at a time of internal crisis that allowed them to conquer the government of the country, where they formed a dynasty. 6 7 8. Mark, Joshua J. BC.) Kamose was succeeded by his brother Ahmose, whose inscriptions describe how he drove the Hyksos from Egypt and destroyed their city of Avaris. In 1650 B.C, Egypt was invaded by a group of foreigners who according to the Jewish historian Flavius Josephus called themselves Hyksos. The third-century B.C.E. The story's conclusion of placing Set outside of Egypt's borders is significant because Set was considered the god of chaos, darkness, storms and winds, and the Egyptians would have wanted such a deity as far from them as possible; out in the wilds where the 'other people,' the 'Asiatics,' would get the kind of god they deserved. Answer. cataracts. The Hyksos were people of probable Levantine origin, who established the Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt (1650–1550 BC) based at the city of Avaris in the Nile delta, from where they ruled the northern part of the country. The Theban revolt spread northward under Kamose, and about 1521 Avaris fell to his successor, Ahmose, founder of the 18th dynasty, thereby ending 108 years of Hyksos rule over Egypt. Hyksos: A name applied to a group of peoples who came into Egypt about 3500 years ago, the Hyksos quickly established a settlement in the Nile Delta and then conquered much of ancient Egypt. Josephus' account, relying heavily on Manetho's (who drew on the New Kingdom scribes) gives the impression that the Hyksos rolled into Egypt in their war chariots, laying waste to the land, and toppling the legitimate government. The development of a professional Egyptian army of conquest can be directly traced to the Hyksos in that Ahmose I, and those who followed him, wanted to make sure no foreign people would ever be able to gain such power in their land again. gentle and predictable. Popular lore suggests the Hyksos, a mysterious group of foreign invaders, conquered the Nile Delta around 1638 B.C. We have also been recommended for educational use by the following publications: Ancient History Encyclopedia Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. The innovations of the Hyksos transformed the culture of Egypt but they also preserved the past. Context. He led several military actions against the Cushitic peoples, former allies of the Hyksos. Their exact origins were not that clear, but they were thought to be a nomadic nation that could have come from Palestine and Syria. The Hyksos invasion changed the history of ancient Egypt in various ways as Ahmose expanded his empire to Sudan from the north, Iraq from the east, Syria from the north and brought home war trophies and they were was forced to pay taxes to the new kingdom. There is no evidence, however, to support this claim. Contrary to many claims throughout the years, there is no reason to identify the Hyksos with the Hurrians nor with the Hebrew slaves from the biblical Book of Exodus. The Hyksos victory over Egypt occurred for two reasons. Web. Manetho's flawed understanding of the meaning of the Hyksos' name, and Josephus' further misinterpretation gives the translation of 'Hyksos' as 'captive shepherds,' and this complete misunderstanding has given rise in recent years to the claim that the Hyksos were a Hebrew community living in Egypt whose expulsion provides the basis for the events recorded in the Book of Exodus. He launched a massive strike against the Hyksos in which, according to his own account, Avaris was destroyed. Avaris located in the eastern part of the Nile Delta is the site where the capital of the Hyksos sovereigns emerged; archaeological excavations have shown that the city was built on an earlier Egyptian site in the Middle Kingdom. Ancient History Encyclopedia. The Hyksos did not ‘invade’ Egypt The Hyksos did not take over the whole country of Egypt. He started a fight against the Hyksos in the 11th year of his reign and conquered Ávaris, the Hyksos capital. Again, there is no evidence for this; Egyptologist and historian Margaret Bunson explains: The Hyksos did enter Egypt, but they did not appear there suddenly, with what Manetho termed "a blast of God". Cite This Work Cartouche of Khyanby The Trustees of the British Museum (Copyright). Furthermore, they were responsible for introducing innovations in the field of weapons such as the curved sword or the Asian composite bow. Stela of Kamoseby Rüdiger Stehn (CC BY-SA). Ahmose reigned from 1539 to 1514. At the same time the Hyksos were gaining power in northern Egypt, the Nubians were doing so to the south. New methods of crop irrigation were introduced to Egypt as well as metalworking in bronze. Trade went on between the Nubian capital of Kush, the Egyptian center at Thebes, and Avaris quite evenly until the Hyksos king - wittingly or unwittingly - insulted the king of Thebes. The ethnic origins of the Hyksos are unknown as is their fate once they were driven from Egypt by Ahmose I of Thebes (c. 1570-1544 BCE) who initiated the era of the New Kingdom of Egypt (c. 1570-1069 BCE). Anubis, The Egyptian god of death with dog head Anubis is the Latin name... Who is Hathor? In addition, they are said to have caused much destruction to the land, once they had conquered Egypt. Most likely, they were traders who were at first welcomed at Avaris, prospered, and sent word to their friends and neighbors to come join them, resulting in a large population which was able to finally exert political and then military power. Once the foreigners’ numbers were high enough, they simply proclaimed their own dynasty in the Delta. [14] The final surrender and retreat of the Hyskos is recounted by Ahmose, son of Abana, who served as an officer in the Egyptian navy under the Pharaoh who drove the Hyksos out of Egypt, Ahmose I. Instead, Hyksos rule had been preceded by groups of Canaanitepeoples settled in the eastern delta who … Besides the fact that none of that happened, if it were not for the Hyksos, the Egyptian army would have been without two advantages which helped them establish their empire: the composite bow and the horse-drawn chariot. He was the first king of the XVIIIth Dynasty. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University and Michigan State University and University of Missouri. All Rights Reserved. The Hyksos were a Semitic people who gained a foothold in Egypt c. 1782 BCE at the city of Avaris in Lower Egypt, thus initiating the era known in Egyptian history as the Second Intermediate Period (c. 1782 - c. 1570 BCE). The Egyptians and Kushites had begun agitating peoples within the Assyrian empire in an attempt to gain a foothold in the region. The message most likely had to do with the Theban practice of hippopotamus hunting, which would have been offensive to the Hyksos who incorporated the hippo in their religious observances through their worship of Set. First, Egypt was engaged in a civil war. Even today, the Hyksos are referred to as invaders and their advent in Egypt as the 'Hyksos Invasion,' but actually, they assimilated neatly into Egyptian culture adopting Egyptian fashion and religious beliefs, with some modifications, as their own. The Hyksos people were a mixed, West Asian people. Hyksos’ rule is known as the Second Intermediate period and their invasion was relatively peaceful, possibly because they overawed the Egyptians with their chariots and composite bows. The main catalysts that enabled the Hyksos to conquer the Nile delta so easily were the internal dissent among the Egyptians themselves, a counter revolt of the nobility, and a weakening of the power of the pharaohs. In more recent times, this … His tomb has not been located. The Hyksos gained control of the eastern Delta commercially & then moved north making treaties & forging contracts in Lower Egypt until they were able to exert political power. Please help us create teaching materials on Mesopotamia (including several complete lessons with worksheets, activities, answers, essay questions, and more), which will be free to download for teachers all over the world. The 12th Dynasty is considered by many the high point of Egyptian culture and gives the Middle Kingdom its reputation as the 'classical age' of Egypt. Historians thought that the Hyksos were coming to Egypt during a long period and they have taken power in the Delta during inner dynasty conflicts. Some Rights Reserved (2009-2020) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. Hyksos. Apepi was also known as Apophis and interestingly has an Egyptian name associated with the great serpent Apophis/Apep, enemy of the sun god Ra. The Hyksos were Semites who came to Egypt from Canaan in present-day Palestine, and their name is made up of two Egyptian words which translates to ‘foreign kings’. They were certainly of Semitic origin. Egyptians lived in the land of the gods, and those of lesser quality (regularly referred to as 'Asiatics') were off beyond the borders. The Egyptians called t How could the Nile River's flooding be described? Retrieved from https://www.ancient.eu/Hyksos/. For only $5 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. Their influence extended only as far south as Abydos, and in the region of Lower Egypt, there were many cities, like Xois, which maintained their autonomy. Although the Egyptians depict a barbarian-type overthrow, the truth is the seizure was likely a relatively peaceful one.Famine naturally drove the Hyksos to Egypt where they slowly and gradually infiltrated Egyptian society. An improved potter's wheel resulted in higher quality ceramics which were also more durable. His mother Ahhotep I Guardian of the throne a few years. The Hyksos rulers founded the 15th Dynasty of Egypt, but after they were expelled, all traces of the Hyksos in Egypt were erased by the conquering Thebans. Surviving Egyptian records describe them as Amu (Asiatics), and as invading Egypt from the east, but we don’t know precisely where they came from. Most of the Asiatics came across Egypt's borders for centuries without causing much of a stir. He also founded the town of Hutwaret in Lower Egypt as a port of trade. He started a fight against the Hyksos in the 11th year of his reign and conquered Ávaris, the Hyksos capital. But apart from these contributions and peculiarities, and their foreign policy more open to relations with neighboring peoples, the truth is that the history of the Hyksos in Egypt had little to do with what later historians, in an attempt to extol the virtues of the pharaohs of the New Empire. The Hyksos also brought to Egypt the vertical loom, which produced better quality linen, and new fruit and vegetable cultivation techniques. 0 1 2. Ancient Egyptian symbols The Ankh Djed Eye of Horus Eye Of Ra Was The... Who is King Narmer, Menes? Many Asian foreigners took advantage of the situation to gradually infiltrate the country of the Nile, where they managed to reach military positions or work in crafts and trade. Ancient Egypt experienced a new wave of religious, cultural and technological developments because of different countries such as the Hittite empire, the Mitanni kingdom and the Mesopotamia kingdom that led to many foreign diplomats, merch… (2017, February 15). Asked by Wiki User. Ancient History Encyclopedia Foundation is a non-profit organization. Their influence extended only as far south as Abydos, and in the region of Lower Egypt, there were many cities, like Xois, which maintained their autonomy. This fact set the stage for the violent occupation of the country by these Asians, known as the Hyksos, who would rule for two centuries and impose a dynasty. These events are given in the tomb inscriptions of another man, Ahmose son of Ibana, a soldier who served under the king Ahmose, describing the destruction of Avaris and the flight of the surviving Hyksos to Sharuhen in the region of Palestine. Egypt's elite has been described as compensating for their wounded pride from the Hyksos conquest, and the third king of the 18th Dynasty, Thutmose I (reigning from 1493-1482) pursued the Hyksos through Canaan and into Syria, with the Egyptians supporting themselves by booty as they went. Ancient History Encyclopedia, 15 Feb 2017. We are an expert team and we are happy to talk to you. Third, their entry constituted an armed invasion so for-midable in its nature that the Egyptians did not hazard resistance. 12 Dec 2020. They had conquered the horse and hitched them to chariots for war. The Hyksos entered the Nile region gradually over a series of decades until the Egyptians realized the danger they posed in their midst. Contrary to the claims of New Kingdom scribes, Manetho, Josephus - and even later historians of the 20th century CE - the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt was not a time of chaos and confusion, and the Hyksos did not conquer the whole of Egypt. Ancient History Encyclopedia. About 1800BC the Hyksos and Hurrians came thundering down into the Mideast from what is today Turkey and Syria (prior from what is today the Steppes (plains) of Ukraine)). Thebes remained the capital of Upper Egypt but, instead of ruling the entire country, was sandwiched between the Hyksos in the north and the Nubians in the south. Ahmose. Egyptian art from the New Kingdom regularly depicts the pharaoh, kings such as Tutankhamun or Ramesses II, in their chariot hunting with their dogs or going to war, and since the New Kingdom is the period most familiar to people in the present day, the chariot is associated with Egypt. The Hyksos were vilified by the New Kingdom scribes to justify these wars of conquest and a new version of history was created in which the foreign invaders destroyed the temples of the gods, slaughtering the innocent and razing cities in a barbaric lust for conquest. and established themselves as rulers during the 15th century. Although vilified in some Egyptian texts, the Hyksos had ruled as pharaohs and were listed as legitimate kings in the Turin Papyrus. In Abydos, he ordered to build two brick cenotaphs, for his grandmother Tetisheri and for himself. The “gradual” theory posits that the Hyksos assumed control after a period of gradual but intense immigration from the Levant. Nobody really knows. This decision essentially left Lower Egypt open to whatever power felt it had enough support to dominate it. Osiris was brought back to life by his sister-wife Isis who bore his son Horus, the god who would eventually avenge his father and restore order to the land. Around 1720-1710 BCE, Egypt began to be invaded by a people "of obscure race", who became known as the Hyk-Sos, "shepherd kings". Once they were established at Avaris, the Hyksos placed Egyptians in significant positions, adopted Egyptian custom and dress, and incorporated the worship of Egyptian gods into their own beliefs and rituals. While the Hellenistic Egyptian historian Manetho portrayed the Hyksos as invaders and oppressors, modern Egyptology no longer believes that the Hyksos conquered Egypt in an invasion. Ancient History Encyclopedia Limited is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. MAP: Colorado State University. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms.
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